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Intensive Livestock Operationsincluding Zoning and Siting Issues
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CanadaAlbertaRegulatory Process for Siting New or Expanded Confined Feeding Operations.Natural Resources Conservation Board - All new or existing confined feeding operations or manure storage facilities in Alberta are required to make an application for approval, registration, or authorization to the Natural Resources Conservation Board (NRCB) before beginning any construction or expansion. The Application of the Minimum Distance Separation (MDS) for Siting Confined Feeding Operations in Alberta (AAFRD)- summary of the siting guidelines used and applied in Alberta over the last 20 years, with regards to Confined Feeding Operations (CFOs). 2008 Agricultural Operation Practices Act Reference Guide
Socio-Economic Impact Of Hog Operations In Alberta (AAFRD) -The Alberta pork industry has more than doubled in terms of hog numbers since 1976, with a growth rate of over 4.2% per year and is the third largest among Canadian provinces in terms of hog numbers. Alberta produced 1.87 million head in 1986, and over 2.77 million head in 1996. Hogs slaughtered in Alberta in 1997 was estimated at over 2.5 million head, nearly 16.5% of Canadian production. Research Initiatives on Environmental Impacts of Intensive Livestock Operations, Terry Church, David Helmer, Darcy Fitzgerald and Peter Dzikowski, Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, Third Floor, Provincial Building, 4920 - 51 Avenue, Red Deer, AB, Canada T4N 6K8. The research developed by AAFRD staff with other key research institutions and supported by industry should provide a solid basis for the reduction of environmental impacts from intensive livestock facilities. Odour measurement, prediction, and control are major research efforts intended to provide effective and practical control measures. Identification of the best manure management practices, as well as treatment alternatives, will provide alternatives needed by industry to substantially reduce environmental effects of intensive livestock operations. ' Green Matters' Home - newsletter of the Alberta Environmentally Sustainable Agriculture (AESA) Council. AESA Council consists of 26 representatives from Alberta’s agriculture and food processing industry, environmental organizations and government. Its mandate is to identify and evaluate environmental issues facing Alberta’s agriculture and food processing industry; encourage the industry to proactively address these issues; advise the Alberta Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development on these issues; and direct the AESA Program. Agtech Innovator Home - is published by the AgTech Centre. The Centre is mandated to conduct engineering research and technology development to support a sustainable agriculture industry in Alberta. Alberta Soil Phosphorus Limits Project
ManitobaThe Association of Manitoba Municipalities. Municipal By-Law Directory Large-Scale Hog Production and Processing: Concerns for Manitobans [130 KB PDF] Commissioners’ Report on the Citizens’ Hearing on Hog Production and the Environment, Brandon, Manitoba, October 1999 - Large-scale corporate animal production units (particularly for hogs and chickens) should be: • placed under "Workplace Health and Safety" legislation and regulation, including the Workers’ Compensation Act; • made legally responsible for independent testing of ground and surface waters in their vicinity; and • included in The Animal Care Act, as suitably amended to include animal confinement. Sustainable Livestock Development in Manitoba (Dec. 2000) - Report prepared for the Government of Manitoba by the Livestock Stewardship Panel; Ed Tyrchniewicz, Chair - 10 chapters + appendices available for download as PDF files. Confinement of Livestock [738 KB pdf]. Manitoba Agriculture and Food -Modern agriculture has developed large-scale, intensive production systems, including those for livestock. At the same time, society has shown increased interest in how its food is produced and how animals are cared for. This includes the practice of rearing animals in confined spaces. Public Concerns: Living with Livestock Production. Manitoba Agriculture and Food
Nova ScotiaSiting and Management of Hog Farms in Nova Scotia. N.S. Dept of Agriculture; This guideline deals with the management issues associated with hog farms and refers to specific measures, which are acceptable farming practices, that can reduce odour or eliminate water pollution problems on Nova Scotia hog farms. The siting portion addresses separation distances from the hog barn or manure storage to off-farm dwellings, property lines, non-farm development, public roads, and off-farm wells and any watercourse. Manure Management Guidelines (2006)
OntarioA Review of Selected Jurisdictions and Their Approach to Regulating Intensive Farming Operations (May 2003) - OMAF - A scan of selected North American and European jurisdictions revealed a number of similarities as well as a number of differences in legislation in place or proposed to address to environmental, economic and socio-political issues surrounding intensive agricultural operations. A Review of Selected Jurisdictions and Their Approach to Regulating Intensive Farming Operations (2003) - A scan of selected North American and European jurisdictions revealed a number of similarities as well as a number of differences in legislation in place or proposed to address to environmental, economic and socio-political issues surrounding intensive agricultural operations. Planning and Intensive Livestock Facilities: Canadian Approaches [59 KB pdf] (Revised July, 2000). Wayne J. Caldwell, U. of Guelph; Michael Toombs, OMAF. Paper is organized into five main sections. First, an overview of the issue is presented; two, the basis for a provincial/ municipal response is presented; three, an overview of approaches in each of the 10 provinces is reviewed; four, specific details are provided for Manitoba, Ontario, and New Brunswick and finally there are a number of 3 observations and conclusions. Intensive Hog Farming and the Environment (Backgrounder 38; ISSN 1206-1514, March 2000). Lewis Yeager, Research Officer, Ontario Legislative Library, Legislative Assembly of Ontario. This Backgrounder outlines several issues related to environmental and other impacts of large-scale hog farming, and reports on regulatory initiatives in Ontario and other provinces. The Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs has noted rising concern regarding new or expanding swine facilities. These operations have higher concentrations of buildings, livestock and manure. Concerns have resulted, in some areas, in complaints, proactive citizens' groups and proposed restrictive by-laws. Proposed Standards for Agricultural Operations in Ontario [pdf]. OMAFRA. On September 18, 2009 new regulations affecting those applying non-agricultural source materials on agricultural lands were filed. Discussion Paper on Intensive Agricultural Operations in Ontario (2000) [97 KB pdf]. Submission by the Canadian Environmental Law Association to the Ministries of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs and Environment. Elizabeth Brückmann, Student at Law, February 15, 2000; Brief No: 384 — ISBN # 1-894158-52-0 - This submission is a response to a letter from The Honourable Ernie Hardeman, Minister of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA), requesting comments on the Discussion Paper on Intensive Agricultural Operations in Rural Ontario. The Canadian Environmental Law Association (CELA) fully supports provincial initiative to resolve the increasing conflicts over intensive livestock production and welcomes the opportunity to comment on the Discussion Paper. Canadian Environmental Law Association 517 College Street, Suite 401, Toronto, Ontario M6G 4A2. Investigation Of Manure Production In Typical 3-Site Hog Facilities (Project #97/03). Ron Fleming, Doug Hocking, Malcolm MacAlpine, Jennica Johnston, Ridgetown College. Univ. of Guelph, Ridgetown, ON. Submitted to: Ontario Pork, Etobicoke, ON. In a 12-month period beginning in the spring of 1998, a study was initiated to examine the impact of wet/dry feeders on manure production, manure nutrient levels, and water use in feeder pig barns. This type of feeder is a popular choice in feeder barns. In addition, many of the recently-built feeder barns have been associated with three-site pig production. Manure samples were collected every second month from 21 farms. More detailed information was gathered for 17 of the farms. By studying water needs, feed inputs, numbers and weights of pigs entering and leaving the barns, manure production and manure nutrient levels, the following conclusions were reached: Minimum Distance Separation (MDS) - Training Manual Overview Siting Livestock and Poultry Operations for the 21st Century-Symposium Proceedings (1995) [1847 KB]. Can. Agri-Food Res. Council, Ottawa, Ontario, July 13-14, 1995; Edited by Dr. J.A. Munroe. The objectives were to assess the current issues related to location of animal agriculture operations and its impact on the environment, and to identify future opportunities in the research and technology areas to maintain animal agriculture's key role in the Canadian economy.
Livestock & Agricultural Intensification: Community Perceptions of Environmental, Economic & Social Impacts.... Dr. Wayne Caldwell, School of Rural Planning, University of Guelph
Prince Edward IslandGuidelines For Manure Management For Prince Edward Island- Siting to Reduce Odour Nuisance. PEI Agriculture and Forestry. This section deals with the recommended minimum separation distances between livestock barns and manure storages and other non-agricultural uses. Separation between livestock facilities and neighbours are intended to compensate for normal odour production, thereby reducing potential conflicts. An appropriate separation distance in a rural area will vary with the nature of the odour source as well as the sensitivity to those odours by the neighbouring land use. View entire Guideline [398 KB pdf]
QuebecIntensive Livestock Operations in Quebec. A Discussion Paper (90 KB pdf) by Vanessa Kee, Student-at-Law, Univ. of Toronto (Mar. 2001) (Sierra Club of Canada). In Quebec, hog farms present the greatest potential source of agricultural pollution. Research conducted in 1996 showed Quebec to be the largest hog-producing province in Canada, with 30% of the total market share. Moreover, the hog industry is expanding and new net investment in hog farms has been on the rise in Quebec since the early 1990s. In 1995, new investment in hog farming totaled roughly $75-million for that year alone. Analysis of Intensive Hog Farming in Quebec [212 KB pdf]. School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, QC. This report provides a synthesis of existing data on water consumption, water contamination and some of the health consequences of industrial hog farming in Quebec and attempts to place a dollar value on several of these costs. However, the current limitations of an economic cost-benefit approach lead to the proposal of an alternative approach involving a precautionary risk assessment.
SaskatchewanEnvironment Regulations (Agriculture)
Expanding Intensive Hog Operations in Saskatchewan: Environmental and Legal Constraints[277 KB pdf] (Oct. 1996) Centre for Studies in Agriculture, Law and the Environment (CSALE), University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8; ph: (306) 966-8893 fax: (306) 966-8894; email: jck@fc.usask.ca - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY - This report discusses the system of approval for expansion and development of intensive livestock operations (ILOs) in each of Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan; the Saskatchewan process of approval is provided in much greater detail that the others. Each of the provinces has legislation in place that spells out how ILOs get approval and which government departments are responsible for enforcing the legislation. Successful Siting of New and Expanding Operations: A Saskatchewan Perspective. Donn Farrer, Sask. Agric. & Food, Regina SK. Of the 294 approvals issued for intensive livestock development under our program over the past six years only 12 of the 294 projects have faced a focused and sustained opposition. 95% have been well accepted. These projects have developed in a wide array of communities and under a wide variety of circumstances. Intensive Livestock Operations. Large intensive livestock operations (ILOs) require approval of waste storage and management plans from Saskatchewan Agriculture and Food (SAF) under the Intensive Livestock provisions of The Agricultural Operations Act. Guidelines for Livestock Development [pdf] 3 stages: 1) Concept and decision- making; 2) Project planning; 3) Operations management. This document is designed to reduce some of those challenges by providing a pathway for development. The Livestock Development Branch of Saskatchewan Agriculture has a group of dedicated professionals willing to assist with the steps along the road. Intensive Livestock Operations (ILO) Review and Approval Process. The covering report on the application includes:
National
Environmental Management,
Can. Pork Council.
A standardized Environmental Management System (EMS) for the
Canadian pork industry was developed in 2000. Comparative Standards for Intensive Livestock Operations in Canada, Mexico, and the United States (Feb. 2002) [672 KB pdf]. North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation - Jerry Speir, Tulane Inst. for Env. Law and Policy, Tulane Law School; Marie-Ann Bowden, U. of Sask., David Ervin, Winrock International, Jim McElfish, Env. Law Institute (ELI); Rosario Pérez Espejo, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); Tim Whitehouse and Chantal Line Carpentier, Commission for Envi. Cooperation - This Report surveys the current environmental requirements for "intensive livestock operations" (ILOs) in the United States, Mexico and Canada. The Report draws conclusions about current regulatory regimes and makes recommendations on the management of environmental issues associated with ILOs. [030919] Lessons From Michigan: Strategies For Regulating Intensive Livestock Operations: Right To Farm And The Role Of The State (Sept. 2002) [114 KB pdf]. Wayne Caldwell, Jennifer Ball & Melanie Williams, Rural Planning and Development, University of Guelph - From an environmental perspective the focus of attention has been on issues related to odour and water quality. In many jurisdictions including Ontario, Alberta and Manitoba municipalities have attempted to regulate the industry through a variety of strategies including nutrient management plans, conditional use permits including public meetings), restrictive zoning, and caps limiting the size of these facilities.
InternationalAnimal Feeding Operations Unified Strategy, National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), US EPA. USDA and EPA released the Unified National Strategy for Animal Feeding Operations on March 9, 1999. The Unified Strategy sets forth a framework of actions that USDA and EPA plan to take under existing and legal regulatory authority to reduce water quality and public health impacts from improperly managed animal wastes. A Checklist for Feedlot Siting and Environmental Compliance - Scott Birchall, Carrington Research Extension Center, North Dakota State University; One of the most important decisions to be made when planning any livestock facility is site selection. The site for the feedlot operation must not only be suitable for housing, handling and feeding cattle, but also must ensure that surface and ground waters are protected and that the impact from odors are minimized. Interesting series of papers on Sustainable Farming by Dr. John Ikerd, Prof. Emeritus, U. of Missouri - Complete set of Papers [3572 KB pdf] (approx. 65, up to 2002). An Analysis of Local Benefits And Costs of Michigan Hog Operations Experiencing Environmental Conflicts - Mark Abeles-Allison and Larry J. Connor, Agricultural Economics Report #536, Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; June,1990 - This report examines local benefits and costs associated with hog operations for which odor complaints had been received in Michigan. A regression analysis approach was used to determine the implicit prices of hog odors on property values. Property values were regressed against household and neighborhood characteristics of residential properties surrounding these hog farms. The benefit/cost ratios for a 500 and 5,000 head hog operations in a township with a $20 million State Equalized Valuation (SEV) are 5.64 and 3.86 respectively. The study indicates that the ratio of benefits to costs increase (improve) as SEV declines. This means that damages are dependent upon property value. As the amount of property value in the area declines, damages decline. The Role of Economics in Producers’ Waste Management Decisions. [pdf] James Featherston, USDA-NRCS, Temple, TX 76501 - The centerpiece of U.S. water quality has been the Clean Water Act (CWA), originally passed in 1972 with several subsequent reauthorizations. While the CWA has resulted in a great number of successes, many water quality problems remain. Instead of looking for needed changes in water quality policies through a reauthorization of the CWA, the Clinton Administration decided to develop new initiatives within the context of existing laws and programs for more complete water quality protection. In February 1998, President Clinton released the Clean Water Action Plan (CWAP), which provided a blueprint for restoring and protecting water quality across the Nation. The CWAP identified polluted runoff as the most important remaining source of water pollution, and provided for a coordinated effort to reduce polluted runoff from a variety of sources (USDA and USEPA, 1998).
The Real Economics of Factory Livestock. John Ikerd,
University of Missouri. Presented at 1999 Big River/Clean Water
Week, sponsored by the Sierra Club, Washington, DC, June 10-15,
1999,. & at a Symposium, "Farm to Pork: Reclaiming our Food System
From Corporate Giants," cosponsored by the Inst. for Agric. & Trade
Policy, Izaak Walton League, and MN Farmers Union, Bloomington, MN,
September 18, 1999. America's Animal Factories - How States Fail to Prevent Pollution from Livestock Waste - Natural Resources Defense Council, 40 West 20th St., New York, NY 10011, 212-727-2700; nrdcinfo@nrdc.org - Policy Recommendations: Establish a moratorium on Clean Water Act permits for new and expanding factory farms until all existing facilities have effective permits in place and standards are upgraded. Ensure that local citizens are able to participate fully in the decision as to whether a factory farm is allowed to locate in their community. Give citizens the opportunity to help decide what pollution controls are needed on factory farms to protect their communities. Only individual site-specific permits can accomplish this—followed by strict water quality monitoring by livestock operators and tough enforcement against Clean Water Act violators. On The Path to the Farm Factory, [321 KB PDF] Stuart Laidlaw, Business Reporter, The Toronto Star - An interesting article on a very large dairy farm in Southern Pennsylvania with 2,300 milking cows and about 5,000 cattle in total... one of the largest dairy operations in the Eastern USA. `The phrase "factory farms" really does apply to these operations. Economies of scale is an industrial concept, and you hear farmers now talking about the need for economies of scale. It means they keep getting bigger and bigger'. (from the 'World & Business Section, Toronto Star, Sunday, April 2, 2000). Managing nitrogen pollution from intensive livestock production in the EU - economic and environmental benefits of reducing nitrogen pollution by nutritional management in relation to the changing CAP regime and the Nitrates Directive. Brouwer, F., P. Hellegers, M. Hoogeveen and H. Luesink; The Hague,Agricultural Economics Research Institute (LEI), Report 2.99.04; ISBN 90-5242-494-2; Price NLG 47,- (includes 6% VAT) 129p., fig., tab. - This report investigates the role of nutritional management in the reduction of nitrogen pollution from intensive livestock units in Europe. Economic and environmental benefits are assessed in response to the 1992 CAP reform and the Nitrates Directive. In order to achieve a preventive method for the compliance with the Nitrates Directive, strong political directions are required, partly through linkages between agricultural and environmental policies, and nutritional management measures. Download this report [2845 KB pdf file]. Understanding The Impacts Of Large-Scale Swine Production [813 KB pdf] - Proceedings from an Interdisciplinary Scientific Workshop, June 29-30, 1995 • Des Moines, Iowa - College of Public Health, Univ. of Iowa - The goal of the workshop was to generate scientific information to address a range of interrelated issues concerning large-scale swine production. The issues considered ranged from the direct and quantifiable, such as water quality, to the observable but less measurable, such as odor. The study also considered issues that, while more subjective, such as social and neighborhood concerns, are no less factual and legitimate. The issue of health risks to the workers directly involved in swine production were also considered. Part of the success and value of the effort comes from this comprehensive approach which attempted to consider the full range of scientific issues relating to swine production, rather than focusing on discrete issues of economic performance. Bringing Home the Bacon? - The myth of the role of corporate hog farming in rural revitalization (368 KB PDF). A Report to the Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture, Box 588, Poteau, OK 74593; T: 918-647-9123; F:918-647-8712; EM: mailbox@kerrcenter.com; The report provides information to help rural communities in Oklahoma and throughout the United States respond intelligently and appropriately when faced with rural development options. In particular the report, using data from Texas County, Oklahoma, illustrates the impacts of the recruitment of industrial swine production on a rural county. The Price we pay for Corporate Hogs. Marlene Halverson - July 2000 (Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy) - The industrialization of U.S. animal agriculture has pressed on, unabated, for half a century, gradually changing the faces of American farming and rural communities. The changes wrought by industrialization are occurring in all of animal agriculture. This report focuses on the impacts of hog factories. (Interactive PDF Version of report - 1061 KB). Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for Intensive Rearing of Poultry and Pigs [9295 KB pdf] Nov. 2002. EUROPEAN COMMISSION, DIRECTORATE-GENERAL JRC, Joint Res. Ctr.; Inst for Prospective Technological Studies (Seville); Technologies for Sustainable Development; European IPPC Bureau - This executive summary – which is intended to be read in conjunction with the BREF (Best Available Techniques reference document) Preface’s explanation of objectives, usage and legal terms – describes the main findings, the principal BAT conclusions and the associated emission/consumption levels. Confined Animal Production and Manure Nutrients - Noel Gollehon, Margriet Caswell, Marc Ribaudo, Robert Kellogg, Charles Lander, and David Letson - Economic Res. Service Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 771. 40 pp, June 2001 - Entire report (2049 KB pdf] - Census of agriculture data were used to estimate manure nutrient production and the capacity of cropland and pastureland to assimilate nutrients. Most farms (78 percent for nitrogen and 69 percent for phosphorus) have adequate land on which it is physically feasible to apply the manure produced on-farm at agronomic rates. Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO): Final Rule, 2003, US EPA. 2008 Final CAFO Rule update [PDF}. Managing Manure Nutrients at Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (Draft) Jan. 2001 [pdf] - US EPA, Office of Water, Washington, DC - manual discusses the applicability and implementation of the proposed effluent limitations guidelines and standards (ELGs) and National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit requirements for concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs). CAFO Fact Sheets - Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship (LPES) Curriculum.
Bruce T. Bowmanan, Archivist
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